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LGBTQ Student Life and the Gay and Lesbian Alliance / GLBSA / Rainbow Alliance / GSU

Overview

Hamilton College’s LGBTQ student organization has operated under several names across four decades of documented Spectator coverage: the Gay and Lesbian Alliance (GLA, founded fall 1983), the Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Student Alliance (GLBSA, renamed by fall 1990), the Rainbow Alliance (active by at least 2000, documented through 2017), and the Gender and Sexuality Union (GSU, appearing by fall 2021). Together these organizations trace a continuous arc of LGBTQ visibility, advocacy, and community-building on the Hill from the early Reagan years through the present. The organizations co-existed at certain points (a parallel private support group called PRIDE operated alongside the public GLBSA in the mid-1990s), and the Spectator record captures recurring cycles of harassment, administrative response, and institutional expansion. The history of LGBTQ student life at Hamilton is also intertwined with the non-discrimination policy debate — sexual orientation was not formally included in the college’s Equal Opportunity statement as of at least 1990, and the Spectator documents a sustained campaign to change that.

Key Points

Pre-GLA visibility and Richard Burns ‘77: In a 2013 retrospective talk at Hamilton, Richard Burns ‘77 — lifelong LGBTQ activist and long-time executive director of the LGBT Community Center in New York City — described arriving at Hamilton in the early 1970s when he was the only openly gay man he knew of on campus. He discovered, by chance, a flyer for an early “homophile” support group meeting, which consisted mainly of lesbian women from the Kirkland campus. The group eventually became the Hamilton and Kirkland Gay and Lesbian Alliance. When Dean of Students R. Gordon Bingham received pressure to bar the group from using student meeting space, he encouraged Burns to seek formal Student Senate charter status. After debate, the Senate approved the charter. Burns later reflected: “I realized the importance of power and visibility” of the gay and lesbian community. (The Spectator, May 2, 2013)

Gay Students Group forms, spring 1980: A new Gay Students Group was forming at Hamilton as of April 1980, following a public lecture by Scott Klein ‘78 on gay politics. The lecture addressed the Sappho group — a Kirkland-founded gay/lesbian organization that had closed in 1977-78 with the merger — and the resulting gap in gay/lesbian campus organization. Klein’s lecture is the earliest documented “coming out” public address in the Spectator corpus, and the formation of the Gay Students Group in spring 1980 is the earliest confirmed organizational founding for a gay student group post-merger. (The Spectator, April 4, 1980)

Spectator editorial endorses Gay Students Group (October 1980): The Spectator ran an editorial titled “Closets Are For Clothes” explicitly supporting the new Gay Students Group. The same issue reported that Dean of Students R. Gordon Bingham had addressed the campus in convocation with the phrase “two genders and rather more than two sexual persuasions” — a notably explicit administrative acknowledgment of LGBTQ students’ existence within Hamilton’s student body in 1980. (The Spectator, October 17, 1980)

Ginny Apuzzo lectures at Hamilton (April 1982): Ginny Apuzzo — described in a Spectator front-page tease as a “lesbian, feminist” — lectured at Hamilton, representing one of the first explicitly LGBTQ-identified public speakers documented in the corpus in the post-Kirkland period. (The Spectator, April 30, 1982)

“The issue of sexual preference” (January 1984): A Winter Magazine feature article by Laura W. Orth and Susan A. Mazon addressed sexual orientation directly — one of the most substantive pre-GLA discussions of LGBTQ experience in the Spectator corpus. The article appeared in the same issue as a Carovano interview and the “Nukes in the Neighborhood” piece, situating LGBTQ visibility within the broader campus intellectual culture of early 1984. The Women’s Center letter campaign calling for a “sexual preference” clause in Hamilton’s non-discrimination policy — which culminated in the contested December 1983 faculty vote — was occurring in parallel with this period of campus discussion. (The Spectator, January 1984 (The Magazine))

GLA founded fall 1983: By November 1983, the Spectator carried a paid notice stating: “Hamilton’s Gay and Lesbian Alliance welcomes new members of either sex. The Gay Alliance was established to provide mutual support for gay, lesbian and bisexual members of the College community. In addition, the Alliance attempts to make the College Community more sensitive to the concerns and needs of gay men and women on the Hill through guest speakers, films, and entertainers.” The notice directed inquiries via campus mail to box IGII, offering “unmarked envelopes” for privacy. The same fall, the Spectator’s editorial pages carried competing letters — one from the Women’s Center calling on the faculty to include a sexual preference clause in Hamilton’s non-discrimination policy, and counter-arguments opposing the clause. A December 6, 1983 faculty and administration vote on the sexual preference disclaimer was publicly contested in the pages of the Spectator. (The Spectator, November 4, 1983; November 18, 1983; December 2, 1983)

GLA active in the mid-1980s — co-sponsorships and homophobia workshop: By spring 1987, the GLA was co-sponsoring a campus-wide homophobia workshop with the Inter-Society Council and the Dean of Students Office, led by John Body, President of the Boston Lesbian/Gay Speakers Bureau. GLA President Evelyn Dacker ‘87 stated that the partnership was “a good way to help unify the campus.” In April 1987, the GLA was listed alongside the Women’s Center and other groups in coalition activity. (The Spectator, February 20, 1987; April 24, 1987)

GLA documented in 1988 calendar: By fall 1988, the Gay and Lesbian Alliance appeared consistently in the Spectator’s weekly events calendar as a recognized campus organization holding open meetings. That same fall semester, the Spectator letters section included letters both supporting and criticizing the GLA’s public statements on campus rights. (The Spectator, September 23, 1988)

“Family Matters” lecture, January 1990: On January 30, 1990, the KJ Red Pit “filled to its maximum capacity” as students, faculty, and administrators attended “Family Matters, Community Issues in the Lesbian and Gay ’90s,” a talk by Harry Freeman-Jones (founder of the gay and lesbian alliance of Syracuse) and Diane Ogno (founder of the Lesbian/Gay Youth Program of Central New York). The event was co-sponsored by the Office of the President, the Dean of the Faculty Office, the Committee for the Extension of Human Rights, the Gay and Lesbian Alliance, and the Department of Sociology. In a February 1990 interview, President Hank Payne described his active support for the event as part of an effort to “create a good atmosphere for campus discussion and greater mutual respect.” The Family Matters lecture stands as an unusually high-profile co-sponsorship of GLA programming by the president’s office. (The Spectator, January 26, 1990; February 2, 1990; February 9, 1990)

Non-discrimination policy debate: As of January 1990, Hamilton’s Equal Opportunity statement did not include sexual orientation. The GLA published an open letter in the January 26, 1990 Spectator calling for the addition of a “sexual orientation clause,” arguing that its absence implied institutional permission to discriminate against gay and lesbian students and faculty. President Payne, in his February 1990 interview, stated that the exclusion “doesn’t mean we reserve the right to discriminate,” noting that the college valued many things not explicitly listed in the disclaimer. This response was seen as insufficient by the GLA. The policy debate appears to have continued through at least the early 1990s. (The Spectator, January 26, 1990; February 9, 1990)

Rename to GLBSA, fall 1990: The September 21, 1990 Spectator carried a signed letter from Christopher O. Banks ‘92, Coordinator of GLBSA, and Nancy Thompson, Associate Dean of Students, welcoming students back under the new name: “The Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual Student Alliance (formerly Gay and Lesbian Alliance).” The letter explained that the organization existed to “offer support and understanding to gay/lesbian/bisexual members of the Hamilton Community” and that membership was “not dependent on one’s sexual orientation” — straight allies were explicitly welcome. Thompson served as Associate Dean of Students and an official advisor to the GLBSA. A November 1990 Spectator article profiled the GLBSA’s new direction under Banks, noting the organization had “seen new faces at meetings” and was making “a more conscious effort to ‘go public.’” (The Spectator, September 21, 1990; November 2, 1990)

“Celebrate Sexuality Week,” April 1992: In April 1992, the GLBSA organized a “Celebrate Sexuality Week” that was met with documented incidents of harassment. These incidents prompted the formation of a student “Coalition for Concerned Students,” which delivered a collectively constructed statement at classes listing six incidents: among them, a Delta Upsilon pledge meeting held in a residence hall lounge in which a pledge allegedly claimed they were “having a GLBSA meeting” when asked by an RA; and a banner hung in McEwen dining hall mocking the GLBSA’s keynote speaker. The week generated a “Speak Out” attended by close to 500 members of the Hamilton community. GLBSA President Tom Murphy ‘92 led the organization’s response. (The Spectator, April 17, 1992)

GLBSA through the mid-1990s: The GLBSA maintained a weekly meeting schedule through the mid-1990s, meeting in Keehn building, and appears consistently in the Spectator calendar. In fall 1995, the Spectator ran an editorial criticizing anonymous chalking on campus as GLBSA-sponsored; the GLBSA publicly denied responsibility and challenged the paper’s characterization in a letters exchange that ran across multiple issues. The organization also maintained a parallel private group called PRIDE for gay, lesbian, and bisexual students seeking confidential support, distinct from the more public GLBSA. In December 1994, the GLBSA wrote an open letter to President Tobin thanking him for a “powerful and courageous” letter addressing anti-social incidents on campus. (The Spectator, October 20, 1995; April 21, 1995; December 9, 1994)

Late 1990s: Babbitt Incident, Celebrate Sexuality Week, and the Matthew Shepard Era (1997–1999)

The October 1997 Babbitt parking lot attack triggered the most visible LGBTQ-related campus mobilization of the decade. On the evening of October 13, 1997, a lesbian student was assaulted in the Babbitt Hall parking lot in what the campus community treated as a hate crime. The Spectator first reported the attack on October 17, 1997, and the story dominated campus discourse for weeks. Within days, the incident generated a flood of responses on the campus email network — student letters, faculty condemnations, and administrative statements. McArn attended a community town meeting that week, invoking the recent Johnny Moses healing ceremony as a model of inclusive community-building. The October 24 issue published multiple faculty letters condemning anti-gay behavior on campus. (The Spectator, October 17, 1997; The Spectator, October 24, 1997)

National Coming Out Day (October 11, 1997) coincided with the Babbitt aftermath, intensifying campus debate. The October 24, 1997 Spectator documented National Coming Out Day programming alongside continuing coverage of the Babbitt incident, weaving together the two threads of queer visibility and campus safety that would define fall 1997. (The Spectator, October 24, 1997)

The Rainbow Alliance organized a Unity March and “Coalition Day” in direct response to the Babbitt attack. The October 31, 1997 Spectator documented a Rainbow Alliance-led Unity March to the Chapel as part of a “Coalition Day” featuring tables from campus diversity organizations. The march and rally drew together the Rainbow Alliance, Womyn’s Center, and other campus groups. Trust Treat (Newman Council) and Hillel were also listed in campus programming that same week, reflecting the broader community mobilization. (The Spectator, October 31, 1997)

An op-ed in the November 7, 1997 Spectator framed the Babbitt incident in explicitly theological terms. The piece, titled “Jesus was a liberal, a communist, a queer,” was among the most provocative LGBTQ-related opinion pieces of the period, arguing for a progressive religious reinterpretation of sexual ethics in direct response to the campus climate following the Babbitt attack. (The Spectator, November 7, 1997)

Urvashi Vaid lectured on LGBTQ political progress at Hamilton in December 1997. Vaid — attorney, activist, and author of “Virtual Equality: The Mainstreaming of Gay and Lesbian Liberation” (1995) — spoke on LGBTQ political strategy and community organizing in a Spectator-documented event. The December 5, 1997 issue also covered World AIDS Day programming, reflecting the intersection of HIV/AIDS awareness and LGBTQ visibility in campus life at the end of the millennium. (The Spectator, December 5, 1997)

“Celebrate Sexuality Week,” fall 1998, was the most programmatically rich LGBTQ awareness week documented in the 1997–1999 corpus. The Rainbow Alliance organized the week (October 26–30, 1998), which included: Shane Windmeyer of Campus Pride speaking on “Queer Life in the Greek System”; transgender activist and author Leslie Feinberg (“Stone Butch Blues”) speaking on transgender experience and labor history; a Gay Alumni Panel; and a “Fireside Chat” open to the campus with RSVPs to Chaplain McArn. The week was co-sponsored by an unusually broad coalition: the Chaplaincy, the Classics, Philosophy, Sociology, and Women’s Studies Departments, Faculty for Women’s Concerns, Hillel, the Kirkland Endowment, the President’s Office, the Office of Residential Life, and the Office of Student Activities. The Chaplaincy’s co-sponsorship was particularly notable, marking the Chaplaincy as an explicit institutional partner in LGBTQ awareness programming. (The Spectator, October 30, 1998)

Celebrate Sexuality Week 1998 occurred in the immediate aftermath of Matthew Shepard’s murder. Matthew Shepard, a gay University of Wyoming student, was beaten on October 7, 1998, and died on October 12 — two weeks before Hamilton’s Celebrate Sexuality Week (October 26–30, 1998). While the Spectator sources reviewed for this corpus do not contain an article naming Shepard explicitly, the national context was inescapable: Shepard’s murder was the most prominent anti-gay hate crime in American history to that date, receiving wall-to-wall national media coverage. The breadth of Celebrate Sexuality Week’s institutional co-sponsorship — including the Chaplaincy, the President’s Office, and multiple academic departments — must be understood in part as a response to the national climate Shepard’s death created. This is one instance where the absence of explicit Spectator coverage does not mean absence of campus awareness. (The Spectator, October 30, 1998)

Rainbow Alliance (ca. 2000–2017): By the time of the April 14, 2000 Spectator, a student signed as “Coordinator, Rainbow Alliance” — Vanessa Pagan ‘02 — was writing letters to the editor. By 2004, the Rainbow Alliance was hosting an annual “Coming Out Party.” In a 2007 interview, co-chairs Lisa Fontes and Eric Petschek described the Rainbow Alliance as having grown from twelve to “nearly forty people” in two years. The organization hosted movies, political discussions, a “Taste the Rainbow” party, and outreach events for National Coming Out Day. A 2009 Spectator article documented the Rainbow Alliance co-sponsoring a panel on the intersection of race and sexuality. By 2014, the Rainbow Alliance is listed alongside the BLSU, ACS, and Hillel as one of Hamilton’s prominent identity-based organizations. The last clear Spectator reference to the “Rainbow Alliance” name is January 2017. (The Spectator, April 14, 2000; October 15, 2004; October 5, 2007; March 5, 2009; February 27, 2014)

NY6 Spectrum Conference, February 2014: In February 2014, Hamilton hosted the NY6 Spectrum Conference — 136 representatives from six liberal arts schools (Hamilton, Colgate, Hobart and William Smith, Skidmore, St. Lawrence, and Union) meeting to connect LGBTQIA students and discuss campus climates. Participants evaluated their respective colleges’ “LGBTQIA friendliness” on criteria including non-discrimination policies, gender-neutral bathrooms, and insurance policies toward LGBTQIA faculty. The conference was coordinated by Amit Taneja, Director of Diversity and Inclusion at the Days-Massolo Center. (The Spectator, February 27, 2014)

Rainbow Alliance to Gender and Sexuality Union (GSU): The organization known as the Rainbow Alliance had transitioned to the name Gender and Sexuality Union (GSU) by at least fall 2021, with the GSU appearing in Spectator coverage of student activities from 2021 onward. By fall 2022, the GSU was conducting an annual “chalk-out” celebration for National Coming Out Day — a tradition the article traces to Dylan Badillo ‘23’s presidency in fall 2020. The GSU also worked alongside the Days-Massolo Center on LGBTQ+ history month programming and maintained a relationship with the Trans Advocate team. (yhm-spec-2022-10-20; The Spectator, September 10, 2015)

2018–2022: National Trans Rights Under Attack, the QSU, and the GSU Era

Queer Student Union (QSU) documented, fall 2018. By November 2018, the Spectator recorded the Queer Student Union (QSU) alongside the Womxn’s Center, BLSU, and other cultural organizations at a Cultural Affairs Committee meeting convened by Student Assembly Representative Jiin Jeong ‘21. The QSU mentioned its Day of Silence programming as a major upcoming event — an awareness action “which spreads awareness about the bullying and harassment of queer students.” This is the first Spectator reference to the QSU name in the 2018–2022 corpus, and by February 2019, the QSU had been assigned shared space on the second floor of the Sadove Student Center alongside the Womxn’s Center. (The Spectator, November 8, 2018; The Spectator, February 21, 2019)

#WeWontBeErased op-ed, November 2018. In response to a leaked Trump administration memo proposing to define sex as a fixed biological characteristic determined at birth — which would have effectively erased federal recognition of transgender and nonbinary identities — the Spectator published a lengthy op-ed headlined “#WeWontBeErased: the Trump administration cannot define away transgender people” (November 1, 2018). The piece argued that the proposed policy “creates a hostile environment” in which transgender people’s “state-issued identity documents will not be recognized by the government, leaving people exposed because there is not even a closet for them to return to.” It placed transgender rights within a broader administration pattern, noting: “This process does not just apply to transgender individuals. It is also seen in the politics of immigration, where people are defined out of legal residence, out of asylum, and even out of citizenship.” The op-ed called on cisgender allies to act, citing “staggeringly high murder and suicide rates in the transgender community.” (The Spectator, November 1, 2018)

Erin Collins ‘19 and the gender-neutral bathroom initiative, March 2019. In March 2019, Erin Collins ‘19 — a transgender woman and student at the College — led an initiative to call attention to the remaining gendered bathrooms on campus by taping “Gender-Neutral” signs to bathroom entrances in Christian-Johnson, Kirner-Johnson, List Art Center, and Taylor Science Center. Collins put fifteen signs on the List Art Center men’s bathroom door, which had been designated “all-gender” but still read “Men” on its signage. “The signs were hung over every single gendered bathroom sign on campus,” Collins told the Spectator. The initiative recalled that gender-neutral bathrooms were first introduced to Hamilton in spring 2014, when then-Dean of Students Nancy Thompson convened a committee of faculty, students, and “members of the Queer Student Union (QSU, then known as the Rainbow Alliance)” — the earliest Spectator confirmation that the QSU is a direct successor to the Rainbow Alliance. The QSU’s involvement in the original 2014 gender-neutral bathroom policy is the first documented instance of the QSU name appearing in that historical context. Collins highlighted a persistent problem: converted bathrooms had typically been converted from men’s rooms, meaning the nominal “all-gender” bathrooms still effectively functioned as men’s rooms for many trans users. (The Spectator, April 4, 2019)

Trump’s transgender military ban condemned in Spectator opinion, January 2019. A detailed Spectator op-ed by Allie Duggan ‘20 examined the history of the Trump transgender military ban — tracing it from Trump’s July 2017 tweets through the Mattis “Implementation Report” of March 2018 and the Supreme Court’s January 22, 2019 lifting of injunctions — and argued that “Trump’s factually wrong, ill-considered, and fundamentally inhumane bans on transgenders in the military is just another reminder to the trans community that they are unaccepted in society.” The piece cited RAND Corporation data estimating only 2,450 trans troops among 1.3 million active service members and argued cost and readiness rationale for the ban were “baseless.” The op-ed ran as the ban was being phased into effect, placing Hamilton students within the national policy debate. (The Spectator, January 31, 2019)

DeVos Title IX proposed changes, and Hamilton’s institutional response, February 2019. In February 2019, Hamilton’s administration took formal action against the Trump Department of Education’s proposed changes to Title IX regulations published in late November 2018. The College co-signed three separate letters challenging the proposed new rule: a letter alongside 23 other small colleges, a letter from the NY6 consortium (Hamilton, Colgate, Hobart and William Smith, Skidmore, St. Lawrence, and Union), and a Hamilton-specific institutional statement. Hamilton’s statement objected that the proposed definition of sexual assault was “inappropriately” limited and would no longer cover situations reviewed under Hamilton’s existing definition; it also contested proposed stipulations around mandated live hearings, unrestricted cross-party evidence access, and prohibition on discussing ongoing allegations. Director of Community Standards and Title IX Coordinator Catherine Berryman was in cross-NESCAC dialogue about likely policy changes if the rule were finalized. The rule would eventually be finalized in 2020 as the Trump-era Title IX regulations. (The Spectator, February 7, 2019)

Ericka Hart (Black queer femme activist) brings intersectional sexuality workshop to campus, February 2020. In late February 2020, the BLSU, Womxn’s Center, and Queer Student Union (QSU) co-sponsored a campus visit by Ericka Hart — described as a “Black queer femme activist, writer, highly-acclaimed speaker and award-winning sexuality educator.” The event grew out of what BLSU/FCC co-chair Saphire Ruiz ‘22 described as a need “to have conversations about the work some of the organizations and centers on campus are doing…and whether that work is helping folks” — specifically focusing on how individuals “could support marginalized groups, especially Black people and Queer and Trans people of color (QTPOC).” Hart’s visit was part of Black History Month programming and represented the QSU’s documented co-sponsorship of a major DMC event in the final pre-COVID semester. (The Spectator, February 27, 2020)

GSU LGBTQIA+/Queer Faculty Panel and Banquet, April 2022. On April 14, 2022, the Gender and Sexuality Union (GSU) hosted an LGBTQIA+/Queer Faculty Panel and Banquet in the Fillius Events Barn, featuring seven faculty and staff panelists who identified as queer. Faculty panelists included Professor Usman Hamid (Asian Studies), Associate Professor Michelle LeMasurier (Mathematics), Assistant Professor Claire Mouflard (French and Francophone Studies), and Visiting Assistant Professor Martin Shedd (Classics and Religious Studies). Staff panelists included Karen Leach, Vice President of Administration and Finance (also serving as COVID-19 Task Force Chair); Najee Evans, Area Director for Residential Life; and Hannah Stubley, ALEX Advisor. Questions addressed how Hamilton had shaped panelists’ queer identities, how queerness had shaped their career paths, and what changes panelists wanted at Hamilton regarding LGBTQIA+ rights. Audience member Fiona Murphy ‘23 noted that “the event was really needed on campus, especially given the spread-out nature of the student Queer community,” and observed that “the panelists reminded me of the reality of aging as a queer person and the continued community that is possible even into adulthood.” Professor Hamid summarized the event’s message: “being Queer is a gift.” (The Spectator, April 21, 2022)

GSU coalitional programming and Hispanic Heritage Month partnership, fall 2022. By fall 2022, the GSU was functioning as an active cross-coalition partner in campus diversity programming. In September 2022, the GSU collaborated with La Vanguardia, the Feminists of Color Collective (FCC), and the International Cultural Association (ICA) on a Hispanic Heritage Month theme of “Unidos con Fuerza.” La Vanguardia planned a blacklight concert in collaboration with the GSU for October 7, 2022. Additionally, the September 2022 Spectator documented that Hamilton’s Counseling Center employed an “LGBTQIA+ support specialist” — one of several population-specific specialists — reflecting the institutionalization of LGBTQ-targeted mental health services by this period. (The Spectator, September 29, 2022; The Spectator, September 15, 2022)

Jeff McArn’s role in LGBTQ campus life: Reverend Jeff McArn, who served as Hamilton’s Head of the Chaplaincy from 1996 until his termination in June 2023, was described in Spectator coverage as a consistent presence across campus spiritual, ethical, and inclusivity programming. In 2002, McArn participated in a campus ethics roundtable addressing LGBTQ coming-out questions. In 2022, he spoke at a panel on abortion rights alongside the Gender and Sexuality Union. When McArn was fired in summer 2023, the support letter signed by leaders of 37 campus organizations included the Gender and Sexuality Union — reflecting the pastoral role McArn played in LGBTQ campus life. The faculty voted 110–2 to recognize his 27 years of service; the reason for his dismissal was never publicly disclosed. (The Spectator, April 19, 2002; May 5, 2022; yhm-spec-2023-09-07)

Open Questions

• Was the December 1983 faculty vote on the “sexual preference” clause successful? What was the outcome, and when was sexual orientation formally added to Hamilton’s non-discrimination statement?
• Was PRIDE (the private support group documented in 1995) formally affiliated with GLBSA, or independently organized? Did it have an administrative sponsor?
• Were any of the April 1992 harassment incidents formally adjudicated by the Judiciary Board?
• What was the precise year and circumstances of the transition from GLBSA to Rainbow Alliance — was there an intermediate stage, or did the Rainbow Alliance represent a distinct successor organization?
• When exactly did the Rainbow Alliance rename as the Gender and Sexuality Union — the evidence suggests ca. 2019–2020 but the precise year is not confirmed by Spectator sources reviewed here. The April 2019 issue confirms the organization was “formerly known as the Rainbow Alliance” in 2014 when it was called QSU; the transition from QSU to GSU may have occurred between 2019 and 2021.
• Is there additional documentation of the non-discrimination policy amendment history at the Board of Trustees level?

Sources

Related Topics

• Race, Diversity, and Inclusion
• Student Activism and Social Movements
• Student Government and Campus Organizations
• Campus Life and Culture
• Jeff McArn Firing, 2023 (entity stub)